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ORANG-orang yang mengonsumsi diet tinggi vitamin B, menurut temuan peneliti dari Jepang, berisiko lebih kecil meninggal akibat penyakit kardiovaskular.

Dalam studi yang dipublikasikan di jurnal Stroke,  peneliti menganalisis kuesioner mengenai diet yang telah dilengkapi oleh 23.000 laki-laki dan hampir 36.000 perempuan.

Peneliti menemukan, perempuan yang mengonsumsi lebih banyak makanan dengan vitamin B folat dan B-6 berisiko lebih kecil meninggal akibat stroke dan penyakit jantung. Sedang laki-laki yang mengonsumsi diet tinggi vitamin B berisiko lebih kecil meninggal akibat gagal jantung. Akan tetapi, asupan vitamin B-12 tidak berkaitan dengan penurunan risiko kematian akibat penyakit kardiovaskular.

Peneliti meyakini bahwa folat dan vitamin B-6 membantu melindungi dari penyakit kardiovaskular dengan cara menurunkan kadar homocysteine, asam amino dalam darah yang dipengaruhi oleh diet dan faktor keturunan. Penelitian sebelumnya mengindikasikan bahwa terlalu banyak homocysteine bisa merusak lapisan dalam arteri dan memicu pengentalan darah.

Vitamin B-6 bisa didapatkan dari makanan seperti ikan, hati, daging, whole grain dan sereal yang telah diperkaya dengan berbagai vitamin. Sedang folat bisa didapatkan dari makanan seperti sayur-sayuran dan buah-buahan, whole grain atau grain yang telah diperkaya, sereal yang telah diperkaya dengan vitamin, kacang kedelai dan kacang polong.

Sumber : mediaindonesia.com

Beragam bahan alami berkhasiat dapat membantu memelihara penampilan Anda tetap awet muda dan sehat. Beragam herbal itu contohnya kunyit, jeruk nipis, mentimun, sirih, pegagan, sambiloto, jahe, lidah buaya, dan kencur.

Keinginan untuk tetap tampil muda dan sehat sudah muncul sejak berabad-abad lampau. Buktinya, orang Mesir rela berendam dalam lumpur karena yakin hal itu dapat mengencangkan kulit. Di dalam negeri, air pancuran atau air terjun juga sering dimaknai sebagai sarana awet muda.

Minat kuat untuk tetap muda di sisi lain sering kali tidak dilandasi oleh pengetahuan yang cukup sehingga banyak orang salah jalan. Kondisi itu membuat orang memilih cara atau terapi yang berisiko, meski memberikan dampak cepat atau instan.

Tawaran yang relatif murah dengan risiko sangat minimal adalah dengan memanfaatkan khasiat beragam bahan alami, apalagi sejatinya negeri kita ini kaya tanaman yang secara turun-termurun dimanfaatkan untuk memelihara kemudaan.

Muda luar dalam
Dr Michael dari Herbacure menyebutkan beberapa jenis bahan alami yang dapat dimanfaatkan agar tampak awet muda luar dan dalam. Herbal untuk menghaluskan dan mengencangkan kulit adalah yang banyak mengandung antioksidan alami dan astringen (mengecilkan pori).

Bahan itu di antaranya kunyit (Curcuma domestica), jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia), mentimun (Cucumis sativus), lidah buaya (Aloe vera), dan sirih (Piper betle). Adapun herbal yang dapat bereaksi dalam tubuh agar kulit tampak segar, daya tahan tubuh lebih baik serta tidak lekas pikun, di antaranya pegagan (Centella asiatica), sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata), jahe (Zingiber officinale), dan kencur (Kaemferia galanga).

Beberapa indikator awet muda antara lain kulit segar, elastisitas terjaga, tidak banyak flek hitam akibat paparan sinar matahari, bersih, dan bersinar. Selain itu, rambut sehat, lebat, dan tidak banyak uban. Tak kalah penting, fisik dan pikiran terjaga alias tetap fit dan tidak cepat pikun.

Sirih, percantik kulit
Dari berbagai penelitian diketahui bahwa sirih mengandung arecoline di seluruh bagian tanaman. Zat ini bermanfaat merangsang saraf pusat dan daya pikir guna menekan risiko kepikunan. Daunnya mengandung eugenol yang bersifat analgesik (pereda nyeri).

Secara tradisonal daun sirih dikenal efektif mengatasi keputihan dan bau badan. Kandungan minyak atsirinya, antara lain chavicol dan betlephenol, memiliki daya antijamur, antioksidasi, dan antikuman. Tumbuk 4-6 lembar daun sirih segar yang telah bersih sampai halus, lalu gunakan sebagai bedak kompres agar kulit tetap sehat, bersih, dan segar.

Timun, penghalus wajah
Sayuran ini jadi favorit untuk merawat kesegaran kulit wajah. Mentimun kaya akan silikon dan fluorin, serta rendah kalori. Sifatnya yang dingin dan menyegarkan terasa nyaman di kulit. Tak heran, produsen kosmetik menjadikannya sebagai bahan dasar produknya.

Timun mentah mengandung saponin, flavonoid, dan polifenol. Biji timun mengandung banyak vitamin E yang berkhasiat menghambat proses penuaan dan menghapus keriput. Selain dijus, timun juga dapat dijadikan pasta atau cukup diiris lalu ditempelkan di kulit wajah.

Ambil 2-3 buah timun ukuran sedang lalu diparut. Tempelkan parutan timun ke wajah. Sebaiknya lakukan sehari sekali. Cara ini mampu mengurangi kerutan sekaligus membuat wajah segar dan awet muda.

Lidah buaya, peremaja sel
Lidah buaya mengandung saponin yang bersifat antikuman serta senyawa antrakuinon dan kuinon sebagai antibiotika dan penghilang rasa sakit. la juga merangsang pertumbuhan sel baru pada kulit. Kemampuan ini yang disebut rahasia awet muda.

Gel lidah buaya mengandung lignin yang mampu menembus dan meresap ke dalam kulit. Gel ini menahan hilangnya cairan tubuh dari permukaan kulit, sehingga wajah terlihat segar berseri.

Lidah buaya juga memiliki kemampuan antijamur, antibakteri, antiinflamasi, dan regenerasi sel, selain menurunkan kadar gula darah pada pengidap diabetes, mengatasi gangguan hati, serta menstimulasi kekebalan tubuh terhadap serangan kanker.

Jahe, pemelihara pencernaan
Jahe merupakan bahan alami paling populer. Hampir setiap orang kenal wedang jahe, ronde, bandrek, atau esteemje alias susu-telur-madu-jahe untuk membuat badan lebih hangat.

Khasiat ini memang yang paling terkenal yang dimiliki jahe. Sebenarnya masih banyak khasiat jahe, seperti untuk menyembuhkan batuk kering dan radang tenggorokan, serta sebagai tonikum.

Selain itu, jahe juga menambah nafsu makan dengan merangsang selaput lendir perut besar dan usus. Khasiat inilah sebenarnya yang membantu seseorang jadi terlihat awet muda dari dalam. Dengan terpeliharanya usus, berarti metabolisme juga berjalan dengan baik.

Pemanfaatan jahe relatif gampang karena cukup diseduh air panas atau direbus, atau serbuknya dijadikan tambahan untuk membuat berbagai bahan pangan seperti kue.

Jeruk nipis, penghalau keriput
Jeruk nipis mengandung sitrat tinggi, bahkan 10 kali lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kandungan sitrat pada jeruk keprok atau enam kali jeruk manis. Kandungan sitratnya mencapai 55,6 gram per kilogram. Kandungan asam sitrat inilah yang sering dimanfaatkan dalam dunia kecantikan untuk perawatan kulit dan rambut.
Selain itu, kandungan vitamin C-nya yang tinggi membuat buah ini pantas dipakai dalam ramuan awet muda. Berbagai penelitian membuktikan bahwa vitamin C merupakan salah satu antioksidan yang dapat menangkal terjadinya keriput atau kulit kusam.

Cara pemanfaatan buah ini relatif mudah. Cukup dengan mengoleskan bagian dalam buah yang sudah dibelah ke kulit muka atau menggunakannya sebagai campuran masker.

Sambiloto, penghambat penuaan
Kandungan andrografin, androfolit (zat pahit), dan panikulin dalam sambiloto merupakan antibiotika alami. Zat ini membantu tubuh dari dalam untuk mengurangi risiko penuaan kulit dan menjaga fungsi organ tubuh dari efek radikal bebas.

Ekstrak sambiloto mampu meningkatkan pertahanan tubuh terhadap infeksi yang menurunkan kualitas organ dalam tubuh, termasuk jaringan kulit. Biasanya, bahan ini dimanfaatkan dalam bentuk kering atau ekstrak daun, batang, akar, dan bunga agar tahan lama.

Kunyit bikin berseri
Kandungan kimia dari rimpang kunyit di antaranya minyak atsiri sebanyak 6 persen, zat warna kuning yang disebut kurkuminoid 5 persen (meliputi kurkumin 50-60 persen, monodesmetoksikurkumin, dan bidesmetoksikurkumin), protein, fosfor, kalium, besi, dan vitamin C.

Kunyit biasa dimanfaatkan sebagai jamu bersama asam atau dalam bentuk serbuk (kapsul). Kunyit juga sering digunakan wanita untuk memperlancar haid dan meringankan nyeri haid dan gangguan menopause.

Untuk menjaga kesehatan dan kecantikan, selain dengan asam, kunyit juga bisa dicampur kulit delima putih dan sidowayah. Kunyit bekerja dari dalam tubuh untuk membuat kulit tampak lebih berseri.

Pegagan, pereda stres
Sebagai tanaman berkhasiat obat, pegagan dimanfaatkan terutama oleh masyarakat India, Pakistan, Malaysia, dan sebagian Eropa Timur sejak ribuan tahun lalu. Ia dipercaya bisa meningkatkan ketahanan tubuh (panjang umur), membersihkan darah, dan memperlancar air seni. Saat ini sudah dimanfaatkan sebagai tonik untuk memperkuat dan meningkatkan daya tahan otak dan saraf. Tanaman ini juga digunakan secara oral maupun topikal untuk meningkatkan sirkulasi darah pada lengan dan kaki.

Selain meningkatkan daya ingat, mental, dan stamina tubuh, pegagan bisa membantu menyeimbangkan tingkat energi serta menurunkan gejala stres dan depresi. Kondisi stres ini bisa membuat tubuh cepat tua.

Pemanfaatan tanaman ini relatif mudah, yakni mengonsumsinya langsung sebagai lalapan atau dibuat sayur. Meski bukan sepenuhnya karena konsumsinya, banyak orang percaya pegagan potensial dikembangkan sebagai pemelihara kesehatan dan kemudaan.

Kencur, pelangsing alami
Kencur memiliki kandungan minyak atsiri (borneol, kamfer, sineol, etilalkohol) sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai peluruh dahak atau pembersih tenggorokan, menghilangkan lendir yang menyumpat hidung, menghangatkan badan, sebagai pelangsing, membantu mengeluarkan gas dari perut, dan baik untuk menangkal radikal bebas sebagai salah satu penyebab penuaan dini.

Umumnya sebagai ramuan awet muda, kencur bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku minuman beras kencur atau beras cikur (dalam bahasa Sunda). Karena rasanya agak getir, Anda disarankan untuk menambahkan gula aren yang harum.

Sumber : kompas.com

It may seem that the more information society gets the cleaner we may become.  This will mean that the more the food allergies will persist and more people will become allergic to so many different things.

There are going to be problems of allergies that are going to be much higher in the developed countries than in the lesser-developed areas.  The numbers are going to be increased as industrializations spreads through the world.

Because of the hygiene hypothesis the more modern methods of cleaning and sanitizing can help get rid of germs.  The body will take care of it through the natural immune system like it does not have enough to do each day.

With children sometimes the immune system does not develop the way that it should.  Since allergies are an incorrect response of the immune system, childhood and adult allergies have become bigger problems in most.

There are studies that will show the common allergic disease like hay fever, eczema and other food allergies that are found less often in children from larger families.

There are agents that are germs that are going to be shared by brothers and sisters that are helpful to the immune system.  It will help that the immune system will learn what it is supposed to do in order to protect our bodies from.

There are antibiotic uses during a baby’s first year and the growing use of antibacterial cleaning products has also been linked to an increase in asthma and other types of allergies today.

The hypothesis of hygiene can explain to us that the antibacterial cleaning products and antibiotic drugs will limit our immune system’s exposure to infectious diseases, parasites and other harmful bacteria.

These things will hold the immune system back with its development.  This is because of the lack of dirt and germs that the immune system does not learn what it should in order to protect the body from.  This is going to allow it to go after other things that are not going to be good for the body and it can cause a problem with an allergy in just about anyone.

Smoking is the cause of many diseases and kills about four hundred and forty two thousand people every year in the United States. In spite of anti smoking campaigns and billboard warnings, more and more people are joining the bandwagon of smokers every year. Out of the total number of new smokers, ninety percent are children and adolescents, replacing smokers who have quit or died early due to a disease caused by smoking. Smoking is the top cause of preventable and premature deaths, followed by obesity.

Smoking not only increases the risk of lung disease, but also increases the risk of contracting lung cancer, oral cancer, emphysema, stroke and heart disease.  Certain statistics by the American Lung Associations show alarming results. Over five thousand adolescents smoke their very first cigarette every day, out of which over two thousand turn into regular smokers. Presently there are nearly five million adolescents smokers. Twenty percent of the twelfth graders smoke cigarettes regularly.

Smoking has many harmful affects on the health of a human being. It damages the cardiovascular system, causes high blood pressure, increases heart rate, increases the risk of ischemic stroke, increases the risk of formation of blood clot formation, and decreases the oxygen amount which reaches the tissues in the body, reduces coronary blood flow & cardiac output, and damages the blood vessels. Smoking not only affects physical health, but mental health too. It causes psychological distress and depression.

Smoking not only affects the person who smokes but also other people who surround him/her. According to the American Heart Association, nearly thirty five thousand passive smokers die of smoke inhaled from a lit pipe, cigar or cigarette. People who do not smoke directly and inhale smoke from a cigarette smoke by his/her neighbor is known as passive smoker, secondary smoker or indirect smoker. Among the passive smokers, women, children and infants are at a higher risk. Infants and children who are exposed to smoke develop asthma, frequent ear infections and may even experience infant death syndrome. The symptoms experienced by secondary smokers are coughing, excess mucus formation in the airways, chest discomfort, chest pain, and lung irritation. They even feel irritation of throat, nose and eyes. If the passive smokers experiences chest pain, it can be an indication of a heart disease. Sometimes the symptoms of secondary smoking can coincide with the symptoms of other medical conditions. Hence, it is recommended to contact the doctor immediately after the surfacing of the symptoms.

In active smokers, smoking, apart from building up high cholesterol in blood, increases the risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, high blood pressure, physical inactivity and diabetes. So smoking cessation will not only reduce the risk of coronary heart disease, which is top of the list, but also decreases the risk by fifty percent of heart attacks and deaths caused by it. But quitting smoking undertakes lots of physical and mental efforts. The person should be made mentally relaxed and stress free. In case of adolescents, they can be asked to exercise regularly and sleep adequately. The American Lung Association and The American Academy of Otolaryngology have developed certain tips which can be of great help to the smokers who are thinking of quitting. The smokers must first be made to understand the reason for quitting. Stress only makes even more difficult to quit smoking, so a stress free period should be chosen to quit. Family and friends’ encouragement and support are extremely necessary to persuade the smoker to quit. If the support isn’t sufficient, smokers can join a smoking cessation program or a support group to attain their goals. A balanced diet is a must, along with lots of rest.

Sometimes taking nicotine replacement products, such as nicotine chewing gum, nicotine inhalers, and nicotine patch, are a great help to smokers who want to quit. By using these products the smokers can satisfy their nicotine craving. The good thing is that these nicotine replacement products can deduct the poisonous gases and tars emitted by the cigarettes. But nursing and pregnant women should consult a doctor before trying nicotine replacement products. For such people non-nicotine alternative is available in the market.

Obesity and overweight are the second most major reasons of preventable deaths in America. Stagnant lifestyle and junk food is to be blamed for more than three hundred thousand deaths per annum. The sad thing is that this problem is on the rise. Obesity is a chronic disease which poses serious health risk to the health of an individual. Also, obesity is the easiest recognizable medical problem, but is very difficult to deal with.

People usually confuse obesity with overweight. Overweight is gaining of a few extra pounds. A person is considered obese when the total body weight is minimum ten percent more than the recommended weight for his/her body structure and height. According to an estimate every year hundred billion dollars are spent on the obesity problem. It is very important to treat the problem as early as possible. Obese children between the age of ten and thirteen have eighty percent chances of growing into obese adults, unless they change their ways and adopt a healthier lifestyle. The obesity problem starts from the age of five and continue till adolescence.

Obesity can be caused due to complex reasons including biological, genetic, cultural and behavioral factors. Usually a person gets obese when he/she consumes more calories than the body burns. Also there are fifty percent chances of becoming obese when both one of the parent is obese and when obesity has affected both the parents, the chances increases to eighty percent. One percent of obese people can have that fat because of health reasons, as obesity can be caused due to few medical disorders. The causes of obesity in adolescence are overeating, family history, bad eating habits, little or no exercise, medical illness, low self esteem, medications, depression, emotional problems, stressful life, and family problem.

Obesity can cause many major problems. Some of them are diabetes, sleeping disorders, high blood pressure, breathing problems, emotional problems and increase in heart disease risk.  Teenagers are more prone to get emotional problems. Because of the weight, they develop low self esteem. They get into depression, obsessive compulsion disorder and anxiety.

Adolescents who want to tackle the obesity problem should approach a pediatrician who will thoroughly evaluate the cause. If no physical disorder is to be blamed, the weight is reduced by limiting the calorie intake and increasing physical activity. The doctor can advice a weight management program and change the eating habits of the teenager, slowly. The patient must avoid oily, fatty, fast and junk food. The potions must be reduced in order to decrease the calorie intake. If the adolescent has developed emotional problems because of obesity, an adolescent psychiatrist can collaborate with the pediatrician in order to make a comprehensive plan for treatment. The plan includes reasonable goals, behavior modification, family participation, and management of physical activity.

Self motivation is extremely necessary in loosing weight. Because obesity is more a family problem and not an individual problem, the whole family can switch to eating healthy food and exercising regularly. This can make the weight control program a success. Parents can play a major role by boosting the self esteem of their children by concentrating on their strengths and encouraging them, instead of targeting the weight problem. The whole family should eat meals together, instead of eating individually while watching a movie. This helps all the members to focus on the food and the quantity being eaten. If the teenager isn’t getting support from his family members, he/she can join support groups which can help towards the goals.

After the adolescent has lost weight, it is very important that he/she maintains it. In majority of the cases, people shift back to their old eating habits after loosing weight. That is the reason why obesity is more of a lifetime issue. So the main aim of any weight loss program must be make the adolescent like healthy food. He/she must also be made to exercise regularly, irrespective of the weight.

Adolescence is the time when there is sudden transformation in the body and many questions arises in the minds of the adolescents. Firstly they are not able to cope with the changes and secondly the changes bring along problems with them. The most challenging problems are related to menses, in girls. Menstrual conditions are many that may require physician’s attention or any other healthcare professional’s attention. The most common of the menstrual disorders are premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrheal and amenorrhea. Before the onset of the menses, females face many uncomfortable symptoms which last for a short period, stretching from few hours to few days. But some of them can be very intense and can disturb the normal functioning of the person. These symptoms are grouped as premenstrual syndrome. In usual cases, the symptoms come to a halt when the menses begin, but for some they may last even after the menstrual periods are over. Eighty five percent of the females experience some of the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome at one time or the other. Nearly forty percent experience the symptoms so intensely that their daily chores are affected by it and ten percent are disabled by it. There are many premenstrual syndrome symptoms which can be broadly classified as neurologic & vascular symptoms, psychological symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, fluid retention, eye problems and respiratory problems. The cause of premenstrual syndrome are fluctuations in the levels of progesterone & estrogen, hypoglycemia, hyperprolactinemia, psychogenic factors, changes in carbohydrate metabolism, excessive aldosterone, progesterone allergy and water retention by kidneys. The good thing is that premenstrual syndrome can be prevented by exercising regularly, eating balanced diet and sleeping adequately. Dysmenorrhea is feeling intense menstrual pain and cramps. Depending on the severity, dysmenorrhea is stated as primary dysmenorrhea or secondary dysmenorrhea. Primary dysmenorrhea symptoms are felt from the onset of the menstrual periods and are felt life-long. Because of abnormal uterine contractions due to chemical imbalance, severe menstrual cramping is experienced. Secondary dysmenorrhea starts in the later stages. The causes are different for primary and secondary dysmenorrhea. Secondary dysmenorrhea can be blamed on medical conditions such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease, tumors, infections, and abnormal pregnancy.         Dysmenorrhea symptoms are lower abdomen cramping & pain, lower back pain, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, fainting, weakness and headaches. Females who are overweight, smoke, and have started to menstruate before turning eleven are at a higher risk of developing dysmenorrheal. Females who drink alcohol during menstrual period experience prolonged pain. After studying the health conditions, age, cause of dysmenorrhea, and extent of condition of the individual, corresponding treatment will be recommended. Regular exercise, abdominal massage, hot bath, vitamin supplements, and dietary modifications can help overcome dysmenorrhea. Amenorrhea is the condition in which the female skips her menses for more than three consecutive menstrual cycles. Amenorrhea is also classified as primary amenorrhea and secondary amenorrhea. Primary amenorrhea develops from the onset of menstrual periods. In this condition, the adolescent might not get periods when she enters puberty. Secondary amenorrhea is a condition where periods become irregular after a period of time and not from the start. There are many causes of amenorrhea such as ovulation abnormality, eating disorders, birth defects, anatomical abnormalities, malnourishment, anorexia, bulimia, pregnancy, over exercising, thyroid disorder, obesity and other medical conditions. Out of these ovulation abnormalities are a common cause for absent or irregular periods. It is a must that an adolescent start getting menses at least by the age of sixteen. If not, anatomical abnormality, birth defect and other medical conditions are the cause. Adolescents who participate in sports actively and are athletic have a lower body fat content because of which they have absent menses. Even because of malnourishment, the body is incapable of sustaining pregnancy. So in turn the body itself shuts down the reproductive system and menses. Extra fat cells in the body interfere with ovulation and that is the reason why obese female have irregular menses. Amenorrhea is treated by dietary modifications, ovulation inhibitors and hormone treatment.

High blood pressure is a condition where the blood pressure is more than normal. It is also known as hypertension. Heart pumps out blood, so that oxygen can reach to different parts of the body via blood. The pressure with which heart pumps blood is known as blood pressure. The blood pressure comprises of two measures, the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure. Systolic pressure is the larger figure and represents the pressure within the artery of the heart, when contractions take place which pump blood to different parts of the body. Diastolic pressure is the pressure within the artery of the heart, when the blood is filling in the heart and it is at rest. Both the pressures are measured in millimeters of mercury or mmHg. High blood pressure is abnormal increase in systolic pressure or diastole pressure.

Blood pressure is measured by putting a blood pressure cuff on the arm and placing a stethoscope on the chest. There can be very little variation in blood pressure depending upon the time, emotional moods, age, gender, weight, height, physical activity, stress and other illness such as heart disease and kidney disease.  Children and adolescents become anxious when they visit the doctor. This is also an important factor which affects the blood pressure and the readings taken get tampered because of it. That is the reason why many blood pressure readings are taken in order to determine whether the adolescent has high blood pressure or not. The nurse may even ask the adolescent to calm down while taken the readings. Time gap is given between each reading, so as to give time to the adolescent to calm down. Emotions can also affect the blood pressure reading.

An infant will have a normal blood pressure reading of 80/45, where as an adolescent will have a normal blood pressure reading of 110/70. Therefore, age, gender, and height are important factor when determining the normal blood pressure level. Adults will have a higher blood pressure than the infants and teenagers. Also, boys have a higher blood pressure when compared to girls and tall people have a higher blood pressure than short people. An adolescent is said to have high blood pressure when the blood pressure is more than the blood pressure of ninety percent people of his/her age, gender and height.

There are many risks associated with hypertension or high blood pressure. The risk of developing coronary heart disease increases proportionally. The arteries will develop greater resistance towards the blood flow, because of which the heart will pump blood harder. Stroke is also another risk. Adolescents who have had high blood pressure as a child, develop harmful effects on the blood vessels and heart till the time they turn twenty.

The causes of high blood pressure can be classified as primary and secondary. If the causes are definite, they are primary and if the cause is linked to some illness, it is secondary. Primary causes are high blood cholesterol levels, smoking, stagnant lifestyle and overweight. Secondary causes are obesity, immobility due to chronic illness, prescription drugs, intense pain due to burns or cancer and illegal drugs. High blood pressure can develop due to hereditary reasons.

Hypertension is diagnosed by blood test and urinalysis. The kidney function will also be checked, along with blood cholesterol levels. Family history check is another important factor. Adolescents’ eating habits, exercise levels, activities in school and home will also be studied thoroughly. High blood pressure is dealt with by weight reduction, healthy diet, and increase in physical activity. If hypertension is due to illness, the illness is treated first. These treatment measures will decrease the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. It will also strengthen the heart and decrease the level of cholesterol in blood. This also helps to keep heart diseases at bay.  The good thing is that only one percent of the adolescents, who have high blood pressure, need medication to bring back the blood pressure to normal.

Diabetes is a rapidly growing, serious health problem among youngster today. Above thirteen thousand adolescents are diagnosed for type 1 diabetes, every year in America. There has also been an increase in the number of teenagers with type 2 diabetes, which was more common among adults above forty and who were overweight. Clinics are reporting that nearly half of the new childhood diabetes cases are of type 2. Adolescents, who are obese and had type 2 diabetes in the family history, are at a greater risk of developing diabetes.

Diabetes is a disease where the human body is incapable of producing or utilizing insulin. Insulin is a hormone produced by the body in order to get energy by converting starches, sugar and other items. Since the insulin isn’t used properly in diabetic people, the blood sugar level increases. This glucose buildup is found in blood and is then passed onto the urine and comes out of the body and the major source of body energy is lost.

Diabetes is a serious chronic disease and should be handled at proper time; otherwise it can create serious problems. It can pose a risk and can damage parts of the human body such as eyes, teeth, gums, blood vessels, nerves, and kidneys. This is the reason why diabetes is responsible in most of the cases of adult blindness, kidney failure and lower limb amputations. And if left untreated, it can cause stroke, heart disease and eventually, death.  These problems are not only faced by adults, but also adolescents who get diabetes in their childhood. The important factor in treatment of diabetes is to keep the blood sugar level normal at all times.

There are basically two types of diabetes that will affect an adolescent. It is type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes affects the immune system’s function as the systems attacks the pancreas’ insulin producing cells, also known as the beta cells. Because of this, the pancreas loses the ability to manufacture insulin. This is the reason why people with type 1 diabetes take insulin everyday. The symptoms are weight loss, increase in urination & thirst, blurred vision, tiredness and constant hunger. And if the adolescent isn’t treated at the right time, he/she can slip in to diabetic coma which can endanger his/her life. In type2 diabetes, the body is incapable of properly using the insulin produced by the body and requires insulin from an external source, too. The symptoms of type 2 diabetes are similar to type 1 diabetes. The teenager feels sick, tired, nauseated, and thirsty. The wounds will recover very slowly; he/she will get infections frequently, will develop blurred vision and will experience weight loss.

Parents play a vital role in determining the problem. They should constantly observe their child for eating disorders or signs of depression. Although cigarette, drugs and alcohol should be avoided by all adolescents and children, it is even more important that youngster with diabetes should stay away from these things as they can worsen the situation. A person with diabetes, who switches to smoking, is at risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and circulatory problems. Consumption of alcohol can cause hypoglycemia or low blood sugar. It is the duty of the parents to make their child aware of the possible risk they would face if they start to smoke, drink alcohol or take drugs.

Children and adolescents, who have diabetes, face many challenges while trying to lead a normal life. They have to think twice before doing simple things as going to a party, playing sports and even when staying over with friends. This is because they require to intake oral medication or insulin. Their blood sugar level must be checked many times through out the day. Also, at gatherings, they have to avoid many food items. Because of this they will feel different from the crowd and can feel left out. Not only does diabetes pose behavioral challenges, but also emotional challenges.

Along with doctor consultation, a psychologist must also be consulted who can deal with the emotional challenges of the adolescent. The family should also play an active role in making the youngster feel better. The family should work in collaboration with physician, dietitian and diabetes educators. Teachers, counselors, school nurses, day care providers, and other community members can provide extended support and guidance. They can provide help with transportation, mental health counseling, health education, social services and financial services.

Parts of adolescent’s body are filled with a waxy stuff identified as cholesterol. It helps to produce vitamin D, cell membranes and certain hormones. Blood cholesterol comes from two different sources, liver within the body and food. The adolescent’s liver produces enough cholesterol to carry out proper functioning. The blood acts as the carrier of cholesterol and transports it to different parts of the body. They are transported in round particle form known as lipoproteins. There are two types of lipoproteins called the low density lipoproteins or LDL and high density lipoproteins or HDL. Low density lipoprotein or LDL cholesterol is commonly known as bad cholesterol. It helps in the building up of plaque in arteries and this condition is known as atherosclerosis. The LDL level must be low in the blood and if it is high it must be decreased. Healthy weight must be maintained and exercise should be done regularly. Food items which have high contents of calories, dietary cholesterol and saturated fat must be avoided.   High density lipoprotein or HDL cholesterol is the good cholesterol. It is actually a kind of fat in blood which helps to remove bad cholesterol from the body and stops the build up of plaque in the arteries. The more the HDL cholesterol in the blood the better it is. The HDL can be raised by at least twenty minutes of exercising daily, decreasing body mass and keeping away from food with saturated fat. Some adolescents need to take medications in order to increase HDL. In such cases, increasing HDL can be a complicated procedure and the physician can make a therapeutic plan to increase HDL in the blood stream. Cholesterol screening helps to determine the cholesterol and fat levels in the blood. Children and adolescents with normal cholesterol level is a thing of the past. Because of the changing lifestyle and junk food trend, even they have a high risk to develop high levels of cholesterol which also increases the risk of developing heart diseases which can affect the blood vessels and the coronary arteries. The main cause of this change is obesity, junk food high in fat, fast food diets, sedentary lifestyle and high cholesterol level in family history. Keeping the blood cholesterol levels at normal is a good way of avoiding high blood pressure and coronary artery diseases.The blood cholesterol level can vary from individual to individual. Healthy levels of LDL is less than one hundred and thirty milligrams, HDL is greater than thirty five milligrams. If the HDL is less than thirty five milligrams then the adolescent is at a higher risk of developing heart diseases. And LDL more than one hundred and thirty milligrams is dangerous. But a high level of LDL cholesterol is a problem in many citizens of America. And there is an expected increase in number, the figure is unknown, of adolescents who have a family history of high cholesterol levels. An adolescent or a child who has a parent having high levels of blood cholesterol and family history of heart diseases at an early age, should take cholesterol test from the age of two. Adolescents who are obese also should have lipid test along with cholesterol test. The lipid test shows levels of kinds of fats in blood such as triglycerides, LDL and HDL.

Most of the teenagers who have asthma are also allergic to many things. The asthma can get severe even if the people with asthma are exposed to allergens of low grade. Allergies play an important role in asthma cased which are undiagnosed. Other factors that also trigger childhood asthma include upper respiratory infections like colds, second hand smoke, and certain climate conditions like cold air and due to emotional physical expressions like laughing, crying or yelling. However, it is not the end of the road for asthmatics as they can live active and healthy if they manage asthma properly by avoiding asthma triggers, regular intake of prescribed medications, being alert of the warnings and be aware of the ways to deal with an asthma attack.

There is a great consensus among the parents whether their children would outgrow asthma as they grow up. But the truth is it depends from child to child. While some children experience improvement in their teens others see asthma becoming even more severe. But almost half of the children who have asthma outgrow asthma as they grow although some symptoms may come back later.

Many parents have questions like whether their children can take part in sport activities. The answer is both yes and no. Some kids may get an asthma attack when they participate in exercises like running. But with proper management a teenager suffering from asthma can actively participate in sports. Special aerobic exercises can improve airway function. This strengthens the breathing muscles. Some of the ways that one can participate in sports is to follow the regimen of stretching the muscles prior to and after exercising, nose-breathe instead of breathing through the mouth and make sure that humidified air passes through the airways. Also parents should make sure that the adolescent has taken all prescribed medication supposed to be taken before they begin exercising. Carrying a reliever is a must for asthmatic teens which would come handy if asthma attack occurs. Asthmatic teenagers should make sure that they wear something over their mouth and nose to stop cold air from entering.

It is not easy for adolescent teens to attend school when they have asthma but it is not difficult also at the same time if proper coordination is made among the teenager, doctor, family and school employees. It is a good idea to consult teachers, nurses and other pertaining employees of the school and let them know that the teenager has asthma and may have special requirements. Also, let the school management know on medications the teenager regularly takes and how to help the teenager when an attack occurs. The school staff should be asked to treat the teen normally once the attack subsides. The physical education coach should also be informed about the condition so that he/she can let the kid stretch the muscles before any exercises or to deal with asthma attack induced due to exercises. Also, before admitting the teenager to a new school care must be taken to check the quality of air, irritants and allergens if any present in the school. The school staff should take considerations to avoid symptoms which could hamper the energy level kids. Also asthmatic teens should be assured from time to time that they are no different from others and asthma in any way does not slow them down, They need this emotional confidence otherwise they may have personality problems.